diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
index 4b6b7c86b8..55aaf12b8e 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
@@ -308,6 +308,12 @@ void ComposerClient::execute(TestCommandReader* reader, CommandWriterBase* write
     writer->reset();
 }
 
+NativeHandleWrapper::~NativeHandleWrapper() {
+    if (mHandle) {
+        mGralloc.freeBuffer(mHandle);
+    }
+}
+
 Gralloc::Gralloc() {
     [this] {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc4 = std::make_shared<Gralloc4>("default", "default",
@@ -324,9 +330,10 @@ Gralloc::Gralloc() {
     }();
 }
 
-const native_handle_t* Gralloc::allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                         PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import,
-                                         uint32_t* outStride) {
+const NativeHandleWrapper Gralloc::allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
+                                            PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import,
+                                            uint32_t* outStride) {
+    const native_handle_t* handle;
     if (mGralloc4) {
         IMapper4::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
         info.width = width;
@@ -334,7 +341,7 @@ const native_handle_t* Gralloc::allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32
         info.layerCount = layerCount;
         info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat>(format);
         info.usage = usage;
-        return mGralloc4->allocate(info, import, outStride);
+        handle = mGralloc4->allocate(info, import, outStride);
     } else if (mGralloc3) {
         IMapper3::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
         info.width = width;
@@ -342,7 +349,7 @@ const native_handle_t* Gralloc::allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32
         info.layerCount = layerCount;
         info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat>(format);
         info.usage = usage;
-        return mGralloc3->allocate(info, import, outStride);
+        handle = mGralloc3->allocate(info, import, outStride);
     } else {
         IMapper2::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
         info.width = width;
@@ -350,8 +357,9 @@ const native_handle_t* Gralloc::allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32
         info.layerCount = layerCount;
         info.format = format;
         info.usage = usage;
-        return mGralloc2->allocate(info, import, outStride);
+        handle = mGralloc2->allocate(info, import, outStride);
     }
+    return NativeHandleWrapper(*this, handle);
 }
 
 void* Gralloc::lock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint64_t cpuUsage,
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h
index 63aa713e54..2949823364 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h
@@ -136,13 +136,30 @@ class AccessRegion {
     int32_t height;
 };
 
+class Gralloc;
+
+// RAII wrapper around native_handle_t*
+class NativeHandleWrapper {
+  public:
+    NativeHandleWrapper(Gralloc& gralloc, const native_handle_t* handle)
+        : mGralloc(gralloc), mHandle(handle) {}
+
+    ~NativeHandleWrapper();
+
+    const native_handle_t* get() { return mHandle; }
+
+  private:
+    Gralloc& mGralloc;
+    const native_handle_t* mHandle;
+};
+
 class Gralloc {
   public:
     explicit Gralloc();
 
-    const native_handle_t* allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                    PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import = true,
-                                    uint32_t* outStride = nullptr);
+    const NativeHandleWrapper allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
+                                       PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import = true,
+                                       uint32_t* outStride = nullptr);
 
     void* lock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint64_t cpuUsage,
                const AccessRegion& accessRegionRect, int acquireFence);
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp
index f0250c07f3..48226785d5 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ class GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest : public GraphicsComposerHidlTest {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::TearDown());
     }
 
-    const native_handle_t* allocate() {
+    NativeHandleWrapper allocate() {
         uint64_t usage =
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN |
                                       BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY);
@@ -727,11 +727,11 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_OUTPUT_BUFFER) {
         display = mComposerClient->createVirtualDisplay(64, 64, PixelFormat::IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED,
                                                         kBufferSlotCount, &format));
 
-    const native_handle_t* handle;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(handle = allocate());
+    std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> handle;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(handle.reset(new NativeHandleWrapper(allocate())));
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(display);
-    mWriter->setOutputBuffer(0, handle, -1);
+    mWriter->setOutputBuffer(0, handle->get(), -1);
     execute();
 }
 
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, PRESENT_DISPLAY_NO_LAYER_STATE_CHANGES)
     mComposerClient->setColorMode(mPrimaryDisplay, ColorMode::NATIVE);
 
     auto handle = allocate();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
 
     IComposerClient::Rect displayFrame{0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight};
 
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, PRESENT_DISPLAY_NO_LAYER_STATE_CHANGES)
     mWriter->setLayerZOrder(10);
     mWriter->setLayerBlendMode(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
     mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, displayFrame));
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle, -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
     mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
 
     mWriter->validateDisplay();
@@ -817,8 +817,8 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, PRESENT_DISPLAY_NO_LAYER_STATE_CHANGES)
 
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
     auto handle2 = allocate();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle2);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle2, -1);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle2.get());
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle2.get(), -1);
     mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, {0, 0, 10, 10}));
     mWriter->presentDisplay();
     execute();
@@ -833,12 +833,12 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_LAYER_CURSOR_POSITION) {
                                 mComposerClient->createLayer(mPrimaryDisplay, kBufferSlotCount));
 
     auto handle = allocate();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
     IComposerClient::Rect displayFrame{0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight};
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle, -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
     mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR);
     mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(displayFrame);
     mWriter->setLayerPlaneAlpha(1);
@@ -871,7 +871,7 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_LAYER_CURSOR_POSITION) {
  */
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_LAYER_BUFFER) {
     auto handle = allocate();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
 
     Layer layer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer =
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_LAYER_BUFFER) {
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle, -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
     execute();
 }
 
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_LAYER_SIDEBAND_STREAM) {
     }
 
     auto handle = allocate();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
 
     Layer layer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer =
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest, SET_LAYER_SIDEBAND_STREAM) {
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerSidebandStream(handle);
+    mWriter->setLayerSidebandStream(handle.get());
     execute();
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
index 19f5e8c614..30596fc4c9 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
@@ -208,22 +208,13 @@ ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerCl
     mAccessRegion.height = height;
 }
 
-ReadbackBuffer::~ReadbackBuffer() {
-    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) {
-        mGralloc->freeBuffer(mBufferHandle);
-    }
-}
-
 void ReadbackBuffer::setReadbackBuffer() {
-    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) {
-        mGralloc->freeBuffer(mBufferHandle);
-        mBufferHandle = nullptr;
-    }
-    mBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
-                                       /*import*/ true, &mStride);
-    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle, mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount,
-                                                  mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mBufferHandle, -1));
+    mBufferHandle.reset(new Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper(
+            mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
+                               /*import*/ true, &mStride)));
+    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle->get(), mWidth, mHeight,
+                                                  mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mBufferHandle->get(), -1));
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors) {
@@ -231,11 +222,11 @@ void ReadbackBuffer::checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> exp
     int32_t fenceHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mDisplay, &fenceHandle));
 
-    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle, mUsage, mAccessRegion, fenceHandle);
+    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle->get(), mUsage, mAccessRegion, fenceHandle);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGB_888 || mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
     ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufData, mStride, mWidth, mHeight,
                                         mPixelFormat);
-    int32_t unlockFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle);
+    int32_t unlockFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle->get());
     if (unlockFence != -1) {
         sync_wait(unlockFence, -1);
         close(unlockFence);
@@ -281,23 +272,17 @@ TestBufferLayer::TestBufferLayer(const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
     setSourceCrop({0, 0, (float)width, (float)height});
 }
 
-TestBufferLayer::~TestBufferLayer() {
-    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) {
-        mGralloc->freeBuffer(mBufferHandle);
-    }
-}
-
 void TestBufferLayer::write(const std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase>& writer) {
     TestLayer::write(writer);
     writer->setLayerCompositionType(mComposition);
     writer->setLayerVisibleRegion(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, mDisplayFrame));
-    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) writer->setLayerBuffer(0, mBufferHandle, mFillFence);
+    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) writer->setLayerBuffer(0, mBufferHandle->get(), mFillFence);
 }
 
 LayerSettings TestBufferLayer::toRenderEngineLayerSettings() {
     LayerSettings layerSettings = TestLayer::toRenderEngineLayerSettings();
     layerSettings.source.buffer.buffer = std::make_shared<renderengine::ExternalTexture>(
-            new GraphicBuffer(mBufferHandle, GraphicBuffer::CLONE_HANDLE, mWidth, mHeight,
+            new GraphicBuffer(mBufferHandle->get(), GraphicBuffer::CLONE_HANDLE, mWidth, mHeight,
                               static_cast<int32_t>(mFormat), 1, mUsage, mStride),
             mRenderEngine.getInternalRenderEngine(),
             renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
@@ -318,10 +303,10 @@ LayerSettings TestBufferLayer::toRenderEngineLayerSettings() {
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::fillBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors) {
-    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle, mUsage, mAccessRegion, -1);
+    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle->get(), mUsage, mAccessRegion, -1);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
             ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mWidth, mHeight, mStride, bufData, mFormat, expectedColors));
-    mFillFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle);
+    mFillFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle->get());
     if (mFillFence != -1) {
         sync_wait(mFillFence, -1);
         close(mFillFence);
@@ -329,16 +314,13 @@ void TestBufferLayer::fillBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedCol
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::setBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> colors) {
-    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) {
-        mGralloc->freeBuffer(mBufferHandle);
-        mBufferHandle = nullptr;
-    }
-    mBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
-                                       /*import*/ true, &mStride);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mBufferHandle);
+    mBufferHandle.reset(new Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper(
+            mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
+                               /*import*/ true, &mStride)));
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mBufferHandle->get());
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBuffer(colors));
-    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle, mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount,
-                                                  mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
+    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle->get(), mWidth, mHeight,
+                                                  mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::setDataspace(Dataspace dataspace,
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
index 6bc2732d7d..d3bba17ed3 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
@@ -93,10 +93,12 @@ class ComposerClient : public V2_1::vts::ComposerClient {
 
 class Gralloc : public V2_1::vts::Gralloc {
   public:
+    using NativeHandleWrapper = V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
+
     Gralloc();
-    const native_handle_t* allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                    PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import = true,
-                                    uint32_t* outStride = nullptr) {
+    const NativeHandleWrapper allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
+                                       PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import = true,
+                                       uint32_t* outStride = nullptr) {
         return V2_1::vts::Gralloc::allocate(
                 width, height, layerCount,
                 static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat>(format), usage,
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
index b24e3b63bd..58efde9b5a 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 
+#include <memory>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -116,8 +118,6 @@ class TestBufferLayer : public TestLayer {
             PixelFormat format,
             IComposerClient::Composition composition = IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
 
-    ~TestBufferLayer();
-
     void write(const std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase>& writer) override;
 
     LayerSettings toRenderEngineLayerSettings() override;
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class TestBufferLayer : public TestLayer {
     std::shared_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
     TestRenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
     int32_t mFillFence;
-    const native_handle_t* mBufferHandle = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper> mBufferHandle;
 };
 
 class ReadbackHelper {
@@ -182,7 +182,6 @@ class ReadbackBuffer {
     ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
                    const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                    PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
-    ~ReadbackBuffer();
 
     void setReadbackBuffer();
 
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ class ReadbackBuffer {
     uint64_t mUsage;
     AccessRegion mAccessRegion;
     uint32_t mStride;
-    const native_handle_t* mBufferHandle = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper> mBufferHandle = nullptr;
     PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
     Dataspace mDataspace;
     Display mDisplay;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
index 8d52173e59..7a1568bd9f 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
@@ -39,15 +39,13 @@ namespace V2_2 {
 namespace vts {
 namespace {
 
-using android::GraphicBuffer;
 using android::Rect;
-using android::hardware::hidl_handle;
 using common::V1_1::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
-using mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
 using V2_1::Config;
 using V2_1::Display;
+using V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
 using V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader;
 using vts::Gralloc;
 
@@ -355,9 +353,9 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, SetLayerBufferNoEffect) {
         // This following buffer call should have no effect
         uint64_t usage =
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN);
-        const native_handle_t* bufferHandle =
+        NativeHandleWrapper bufferHandle =
                 mGralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, usage);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, bufferHandle, -1);
+        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, bufferHandle.get(), -1);
 
         // expected color for each pixel
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
@@ -465,24 +463,24 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, ClientComposition) {
 
             // create client target buffer
             uint32_t clientStride;
-            const native_handle_t* clientBufferHandle =
+            NativeHandleWrapper clientBufferHandle =
                     mGralloc->allocate(layer->mWidth, layer->mHeight, layer->mLayerCount,
                                        clientFormat, clientUsage, /*import*/ true, &clientStride);
-            ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clientBufferHandle);
+            ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clientBufferHandle.get());
 
             void* clientBufData =
-                    mGralloc->lock(clientBufferHandle, clientUsage, layer->mAccessRegion, -1);
+                    mGralloc->lock(clientBufferHandle.get(), clientUsage, layer->mAccessRegion, -1);
 
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(layer->mWidth, layer->mHeight,
                                                                clientStride, clientBufData,
                                                                clientFormat, expectedColors));
-            int clientFence = mGralloc->unlock(clientBufferHandle);
+            int clientFence = mGralloc->unlock(clientBufferHandle.get());
             if (clientFence != -1) {
                 sync_wait(clientFence, -1);
                 close(clientFence);
             }
 
-            mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBufferHandle, clientFence, clientDataspace,
+            mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBufferHandle.get(), clientFence, clientDataspace,
                                      std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, damage));
 
             layer->setToClientComposition(mWriter);
@@ -593,12 +591,12 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, DeviceAndClientComposition) {
         // create client target buffer
         ASSERT_EQ(1, mReader->mCompositionChanges[0].second);
         uint32_t clientStride;
-        const native_handle_t* clientBufferHandle =
+        NativeHandleWrapper clientBufferHandle =
                 mGralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, clientLayer->mLayerCount,
                                    clientFormat, clientUsage, /*import*/ true, &clientStride);
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clientBufferHandle);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clientBufferHandle.get());
 
-        void* clientBufData = mGralloc->lock(clientBufferHandle, clientUsage,
+        void* clientBufData = mGralloc->lock(clientBufferHandle.get(), clientUsage,
                                              {0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight}, -1);
 
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> clientColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
@@ -606,13 +604,13 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsCompositionTest, DeviceAndClientComposition) {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight,
                                                            clientStride, clientBufData,
                                                            clientFormat, clientColors));
-        int clientFence = mGralloc->unlock(clientBufferHandle);
+        int clientFence = mGralloc->unlock(clientBufferHandle.get());
         if (clientFence != -1) {
             sync_wait(clientFence, -1);
             close(clientFence);
         }
 
-        mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBufferHandle, clientFence, clientDataspace,
+        mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBufferHandle.get(), clientFence, clientDataspace,
                                  std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, clientFrame));
         clientLayer->setToClientComposition(mWriter);
         mWriter->validateDisplay();
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
index 31ec88513c..7e25a2e125 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
@@ -36,13 +36,11 @@ namespace vts {
 namespace {
 
 using common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
-using common::V1_0::ColorTransform;
-using common::V1_0::Transform;
 using common::V1_1::ColorMode;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using common::V1_1::RenderIntent;
-using mapper::V2_0::IMapper;
+using V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
 
 class GraphicsComposerHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   protected:
@@ -154,7 +152,7 @@ class GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest : public GraphicsComposerHidlTest {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::TearDown());
     }
 
-    const native_handle_t* allocate() {
+    NativeHandleWrapper allocate() {
         uint64_t usage =
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
         return mGralloc->allocate(/*width*/ 64, /*height*/ 64, /*layerCount*/ 1,
@@ -440,12 +438,12 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlTest, SetReadbackBuffer) {
             static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> gralloc;
-    const native_handle_t* buffer;
+    std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> buffer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(gralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer = gralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1,
-                                                       mReadbackPixelFormat, usage));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer.reset(new NativeHandleWrapper(
+            gralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, mReadbackPixelFormat, usage))));
 
-    mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, buffer, -1);
+    mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, buffer->get(), -1);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -463,12 +461,13 @@ TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlTest, SetReadbackBufferBadDisplay) {
             static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> gralloc;
-    const native_handle_t* buffer;
+    std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> buffer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(gralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer = gralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1,
-                                                       mReadbackPixelFormat, usage));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer.reset(new NativeHandleWrapper(
+            gralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, mReadbackPixelFormat, usage))));
 
-    Error error = mComposerClient->getRaw()->setReadbackBuffer(mInvalidDisplayId, buffer, nullptr);
+    Error error =
+            mComposerClient->getRaw()->setReadbackBuffer(mInvalidDisplayId, buffer->get(), nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::BAD_DISPLAY, error);
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp
index 8b42654a55..54ba79dcc1 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp
@@ -38,12 +38,10 @@ namespace V2_3 {
 namespace vts {
 namespace {
 
-using common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::RenderIntent;
 using common::V1_2::ColorMode;
 using common::V1_2::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
-using mapper::V2_0::IMapper;
 using V2_2::vts::Gralloc;
 
 class GraphicsComposerHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
@@ -140,12 +138,6 @@ class GraphicsComposerHidlCommandTest : public GraphicsComposerHidlTest {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::TearDown());
     }
 
-    const native_handle_t* allocate() {
-        return mGralloc->allocate(
-                64, 64, 1, static_cast<common::V1_1::PixelFormat>(PixelFormat::RGBA_8888),
-                static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN));
-    }
-
     void execute() { mComposerClient->execute(mReader.get(), mWriter.get()); }
 
     std::unique_ptr<CommandWriterBase> mWriter;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
index 2f0429c01c..5aceda721e 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ using common::V1_1::RenderIntent;
 using common::V1_2::ColorMode;
 using common::V1_2::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
-using mapper::V2_0::IMapper;
 using V2_1::Layer;
+using V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
 using V2_2::Transform;
 using V2_2::vts::Gralloc;
 
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class GraphicsComposerHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
 
     void execute() { mComposerClient->execute(mReader.get(), mWriter.get()); }
 
-    const native_handle_t* allocate(int32_t width, int32_t height) {
+    NativeHandleWrapper allocate(int32_t width, int32_t height) {
         return mGralloc->allocate(
                 width, height, /*layerCount*/ 1,
                 static_cast<common::V1_1::PixelFormat>(PixelFormat::RGBA_8888),
@@ -493,46 +493,53 @@ void GraphicsComposerHidlTest::sendRefreshFrame(const VtsDisplay& display,
     IComposerClient::FRect displayCrop = display.getCrop();
     int32_t displayWidth = static_cast<int32_t>(std::ceilf(displayCrop.right - displayCrop.left));
     int32_t displayHeight = static_cast<int32_t>(std::ceilf(displayCrop.bottom - displayCrop.top));
-    auto handle = allocate(displayWidth, displayHeight);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle);
-
     Layer layer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = mComposerClient->createLayer(display.get(), kBufferSlotCount));
-    mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
-    mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(display.getFrameRect());
-    mWriter->setLayerPlaneAlpha(1);
-    mWriter->setLayerSourceCrop(display.getCrop());
-    mWriter->setLayerTransform(static_cast<Transform>(0));
-    mWriter->setLayerVisibleRegion(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, display.getFrameRect()));
-    mWriter->setLayerZOrder(10);
-    mWriter->setLayerBlendMode(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
-    mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, display.getFrameRect()));
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle, -1);
-    mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
 
-    mWriter->validateDisplay();
-    execute();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
-    mReader->mCompositionChanges.clear();
+    {
+        auto handle = allocate(displayWidth, displayHeight);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
 
-    mWriter->presentDisplay();
-    execute();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
+        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
+        mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+        mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(display.getFrameRect());
+        mWriter->setLayerPlaneAlpha(1);
+        mWriter->setLayerSourceCrop(display.getCrop());
+        mWriter->setLayerTransform(static_cast<Transform>(0));
+        mWriter->setLayerVisibleRegion(
+                std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, display.getFrameRect()));
+        mWriter->setLayerZOrder(10);
+        mWriter->setLayerBlendMode(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
+        mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(
+                std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, display.getFrameRect()));
+        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+        mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
 
-    mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    auto handle2 = allocate(displayWidth, displayHeight);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle2);
+        mWriter->validateDisplay();
+        execute();
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
+        mReader->mCompositionChanges.clear();
 
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle2, -1);
-    mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, {0, 0, 10, 10}));
-    mWriter->validateDisplay();
-    execute();
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
-    mReader->mCompositionChanges.clear();
+        mWriter->presentDisplay();
+        execute();
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
+    }
 
-    mWriter->presentDisplay();
-    execute();
+    {
+        auto handle = allocate(displayWidth, displayHeight);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
+
+        mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
+        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+        mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, {0, 0, 10, 10}));
+        mWriter->validateDisplay();
+        execute();
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, mReader->mErrors.size());
+        mReader->mCompositionChanges.clear();
+
+        mWriter->presentDisplay();
+        execute();
+    }
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->destroyLayer(display.get(), layer));
 }