diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Burst.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Burst.h
index f2cbe93c7c..832930359e 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Burst.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Burst.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Burst final : public nn::IBurst {
 
     Burst(PrivateConstructorTag tag, nn::SharedPreparedModel preparedModel);
 
-    OptionalCacheHold cacheMemory(const nn::Memory& memory) const override;
+    OptionalCacheHold cacheMemory(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) const override;
 
     nn::ExecutionResult<std::pair<std::vector<nn::OutputShape>, nn::Timing>> execute(
             const nn::Request& request, nn::MeasureTiming measure) const override;
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Conversions.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Conversions.h
index d3d933b22c..5d4bdbce82 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Conversions.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.0/Conversions.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ GeneralResult<Operand> unvalidatedConvert(const hal::V1_0::Operand& operand);
 GeneralResult<Operation> unvalidatedConvert(const hal::V1_0::Operation& operation);
 GeneralResult<Model::OperandValues> unvalidatedConvert(
         const hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t>& operandValues);
-GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const hardware::hidl_memory& memory);
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> unvalidatedConvert(const hardware::hidl_memory& memory);
 GeneralResult<Model> unvalidatedConvert(const hal::V1_0::Model& model);
 GeneralResult<Request::Argument> unvalidatedConvert(
         const hal::V1_0::RequestArgument& requestArgument);
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<Operand> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Operand& operand);
 nn::GeneralResult<Operation> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Operation& operation);
 nn::GeneralResult<hidl_vec<uint8_t>> unvalidatedConvert(
         const nn::Model::OperandValues& operandValues);
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory);
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory);
 nn::GeneralResult<Model> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Model& model);
 nn::GeneralResult<RequestArgument> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Request::Argument& requestArgument);
 nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Request::MemoryPool& memoryPool);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Burst.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Burst.cpp
index 384bd9b699..971ad08015 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Burst.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Burst.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Burst::Burst(PrivateConstructorTag /*tag*/, nn::SharedPreparedModel preparedMode
     CHECK(kPreparedModel != nullptr);
 }
 
-Burst::OptionalCacheHold Burst::cacheMemory(const nn::Memory& /*memory*/) const {
+Burst::OptionalCacheHold Burst::cacheMemory(const nn::SharedMemory& /*memory*/) const {
     return nullptr;
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Conversions.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
index fde7346470..34862c00cb 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ GeneralResult<Model::OperandValues> unvalidatedConvert(const hidl_vec<uint8_t>&
     return Model::OperandValues(operandValues.data(), operandValues.size());
 }
 
-GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const hidl_memory& memory) {
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> unvalidatedConvert(const hidl_memory& memory) {
     return createSharedMemoryFromHidlMemory(memory);
 }
 
@@ -346,9 +346,10 @@ nn::GeneralResult<hidl_vec<uint8_t>> unvalidatedConvert(
     return hidl_vec<uint8_t>(operandValues.data(), operandValues.data() + operandValues.size());
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
-    return hidl_memory(memory.name, NN_TRY(hal::utils::hidlHandleFromSharedHandle(memory.handle)),
-                       memory.size);
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
+    CHECK(memory != nullptr);
+    return hidl_memory(memory->name, NN_TRY(hal::utils::hidlHandleFromSharedHandle(memory->handle)),
+                       memory->size);
 }
 
 nn::GeneralResult<Model> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Model& model) {
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<RequestArgument> unvalidatedConvert(
 }
 
 nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Request::MemoryPool& memoryPool) {
-    return unvalidatedConvert(std::get<nn::Memory>(memoryPool));
+    return unvalidatedConvert(std::get<nn::SharedMemory>(memoryPool));
 }
 
 nn::GeneralResult<Request> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Request& request) {
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/utils/src/Conversions.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
index b47f25a68c..07bf7bc88f 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<hidl_vec<uint8_t>> unvalidatedConvert(
     return V1_0::utils::unvalidatedConvert(operandValues);
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
     return V1_0::utils::unvalidatedConvert(memory);
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/src/Conversions.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
index 062f6f712f..50556509d2 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<hidl_vec<uint8_t>> unvalidatedConvert(
     return V1_0::utils::unvalidatedConvert(operandValues);
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
     return V1_0::utils::unvalidatedConvert(memory);
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Buffer.h b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Buffer.h
index fda79c88c1..69e87f7566 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Buffer.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Buffer.h
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ class Buffer final : public nn::IBuffer {
 
     nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken getToken() const override;
 
-    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyTo(const nn::Memory& dst) const override;
-    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyFrom(const nn::Memory& src,
+    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyTo(const nn::SharedMemory& dst) const override;
+    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyFrom(const nn::SharedMemory& src,
                                      const nn::Dimensions& dimensions) const override;
 
   private:
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Conversions.h b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Conversions.h
index 74a6534aff..8e1cdb82c9 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Conversions.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/include/nnapi/hal/1.3/Conversions.h
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ GeneralResult<OptionalDuration> convert(
 GeneralResult<ErrorStatus> convert(const hal::V1_3::ErrorStatus& errorStatus);
 
 GeneralResult<SharedHandle> convert(const hardware::hidl_handle& handle);
-GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const hardware::hidl_memory& memory);
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> convert(const hardware::hidl_memory& memory);
 GeneralResult<std::vector<BufferRole>> convert(
         const hardware::hidl_vec<hal::V1_3::BufferRole>& bufferRoles);
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<OptionalTimeoutDuration> convert(
 nn::GeneralResult<ErrorStatus> convert(const nn::ErrorStatus& errorStatus);
 
 nn::GeneralResult<hidl_handle> convert(const nn::SharedHandle& handle);
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> convert(const nn::Memory& memory);
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> convert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory);
 nn::GeneralResult<hidl_vec<BufferRole>> convert(const std::vector<nn::BufferRole>& bufferRoles);
 
 nn::GeneralResult<V1_0::DeviceStatus> convert(const nn::DeviceStatus& deviceStatus);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Buffer.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Buffer.cpp
index 614033e268..ada526573b 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Buffer.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Buffer.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken Buffer::getToken() const {
     return kToken;
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<void> Buffer::copyTo(const nn::Memory& dst) const {
+nn::GeneralResult<void> Buffer::copyTo(const nn::SharedMemory& dst) const {
     const auto hidlDst = NN_TRY(convert(dst));
 
     const auto ret = kBuffer->copyTo(hidlDst);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<void> Buffer::copyTo(const nn::Memory& dst) const {
     return {};
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<void> Buffer::copyFrom(const nn::Memory& src,
+nn::GeneralResult<void> Buffer::copyFrom(const nn::SharedMemory& src,
                                          const nn::Dimensions& dimensions) const {
     const auto hidlSrc = NN_TRY(convert(src));
     const auto hidlDimensions = hidl_vec<uint32_t>(dimensions);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Conversions.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
index 8b7db2b90e..d96588e34c 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ GeneralResult<SharedHandle> convert(const hardware::hidl_handle& handle) {
     return validatedConvert(handle);
 }
 
-GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const hardware::hidl_memory& memory) {
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> convert(const hardware::hidl_memory& memory) {
     return validatedConvert(memory);
 }
 
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<hidl_handle> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedHandle& handle
     return V1_2::utils::unvalidatedConvert(handle);
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
     return V1_0::utils::unvalidatedConvert(memory);
 }
 
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<hidl_vec<unvalidatedConvertOutput<Type>>> unvalidatedConvert(
     return unvalidatedConvertVec(arguments);
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<Request::MemoryPool> makeMemoryPool(const nn::Memory& memory) {
+nn::GeneralResult<Request::MemoryPool> makeMemoryPool(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
     Request::MemoryPool ret;
     ret.hidlMemory(NN_TRY(unvalidatedConvert(memory)));
     return ret;
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<hidl_handle> convert(const nn::SharedHandle& handle) {
     return validatedConvert(handle);
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> convert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
+nn::GeneralResult<hidl_memory> convert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
     return validatedConvert(memory);
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/include/nnapi/hal/aidl/Conversions.h b/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/include/nnapi/hal/aidl/Conversions.h
index 35de5befd0..1b2f69c245 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/include/nnapi/hal/aidl/Conversions.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/include/nnapi/hal/aidl/Conversions.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ GeneralResult<Model::OperandValues> unvalidatedConvert(const std::vector<uint8_t
 GeneralResult<Model::Subgraph> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::Subgraph& subgraph);
 GeneralResult<OutputShape> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::OutputShape& outputShape);
 GeneralResult<MeasureTiming> unvalidatedConvert(bool measureTiming);
-GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::Memory& memory);
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::Memory& memory);
 GeneralResult<Timing> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::Timing& timing);
 GeneralResult<BufferDesc> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::BufferDesc& bufferDesc);
 GeneralResult<BufferRole> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::BufferRole& bufferRole);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ GeneralResult<SharedHandle> unvalidatedConvert(
 
 GeneralResult<ExecutionPreference> convert(
         const aidl_hal::ExecutionPreference& executionPreference);
-GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const aidl_hal::Memory& memory);
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> convert(const aidl_hal::Memory& memory);
 GeneralResult<Model> convert(const aidl_hal::Model& model);
 GeneralResult<Operand> convert(const aidl_hal::Operand& operand);
 GeneralResult<OperandType> convert(const aidl_hal::OperandType& operandType);
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ GeneralResult<Request::MemoryPool> convert(const aidl_hal::RequestMemoryPool& me
 GeneralResult<Request> convert(const aidl_hal::Request& request);
 
 GeneralResult<std::vector<Operation>> convert(const std::vector<aidl_hal::Operation>& outputShapes);
-GeneralResult<std::vector<Memory>> convert(const std::vector<aidl_hal::Memory>& memories);
+GeneralResult<std::vector<SharedMemory>> convert(const std::vector<aidl_hal::Memory>& memories);
 
 GeneralResult<std::vector<uint32_t>> toUnsigned(const std::vector<int32_t>& vec);
 
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ namespace aidl::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::utils {
 
 namespace nn = ::android::nn;
 
-nn::GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory);
+nn::GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory);
 nn::GeneralResult<OutputShape> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::OutputShape& outputShape);
 nn::GeneralResult<ErrorStatus> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::ErrorStatus& errorStatus);
 
-nn::GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const nn::Memory& memory);
+nn::GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory);
 nn::GeneralResult<ErrorStatus> convert(const nn::ErrorStatus& errorStatus);
 nn::GeneralResult<std::vector<OutputShape>> convert(
         const std::vector<nn::OutputShape>& outputShapes);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/src/Conversions.cpp b/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
index 0e93b02a1e..486d01bc51 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/aidl/utils/src/Conversions.cpp
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ constexpr auto kVersion = android::nn::Version::ANDROID_S;
 namespace android::nn {
 namespace {
 
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::common::NativeHandle;
+
 constexpr auto validOperandType(nn::OperandType operandType) {
     switch (operandType) {
         case nn::OperandType::FLOAT32:
@@ -316,13 +318,13 @@ GeneralResult<MeasureTiming> unvalidatedConvert(bool measureTiming) {
     return measureTiming ? MeasureTiming::YES : MeasureTiming::NO;
 }
 
-GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::Memory& memory) {
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> unvalidatedConvert(const aidl_hal::Memory& memory) {
     VERIFY_NON_NEGATIVE(memory.size) << "Memory size must not be negative";
-    return Memory{
+    return std::make_shared<const Memory>(Memory{
             .handle = NN_TRY(unvalidatedConvert(memory.handle)),
             .size = static_cast<uint32_t>(memory.size),
             .name = memory.name,
-    };
+    });
 }
 
 GeneralResult<Model::OperandValues> unvalidatedConvert(const std::vector<uint8_t>& operandValues) {
@@ -397,8 +399,7 @@ GeneralResult<ExecutionPreference> unvalidatedConvert(
     return static_cast<ExecutionPreference>(executionPreference);
 }
 
-GeneralResult<SharedHandle> unvalidatedConvert(
-        const ::aidl::android::hardware::common::NativeHandle& aidlNativeHandle) {
+GeneralResult<SharedHandle> unvalidatedConvert(const NativeHandle& aidlNativeHandle) {
     std::vector<base::unique_fd> fds;
     fds.reserve(aidlNativeHandle.fds.size());
     for (const auto& fd : aidlNativeHandle.fds) {
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ GeneralResult<ExecutionPreference> convert(
     return validatedConvert(executionPreference);
 }
 
-GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const aidl_hal::Memory& operand) {
+GeneralResult<SharedMemory> convert(const aidl_hal::Memory& operand) {
     return validatedConvert(operand);
 }
 
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@ GeneralResult<std::vector<Operation>> convert(const std::vector<aidl_hal::Operat
     return unvalidatedConvert(operations);
 }
 
-GeneralResult<std::vector<Memory>> convert(const std::vector<aidl_hal::Memory>& memories) {
+GeneralResult<std::vector<SharedMemory>> convert(const std::vector<aidl_hal::Memory>& memories) {
     return validatedConvert(memories);
 }
 
@@ -525,14 +526,15 @@ nn::GeneralResult<common::NativeHandle> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedHandl
     return aidlNativeHandle;
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
-    if (memory.size > std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
+nn::GeneralResult<Memory> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
+    CHECK(memory != nullptr);
+    if (memory->size > std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
         return NN_ERROR() << "Memory size doesn't fit into int64_t.";
     }
     return Memory{
-            .handle = NN_TRY(unvalidatedConvert(memory.handle)),
-            .size = static_cast<int64_t>(memory.size),
-            .name = memory.name,
+            .handle = NN_TRY(unvalidatedConvert(memory->handle)),
+            .size = static_cast<int64_t>(memory->size),
+            .name = memory->name,
     };
 }
 
@@ -558,7 +560,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<OutputShape> unvalidatedConvert(const nn::OutputShape& outputS
                        .isSufficient = outputShape.isSufficient};
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const nn::Memory& memory) {
+nn::GeneralResult<Memory> convert(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) {
     return validatedConvert(memory);
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/aidl/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp b/neuralnetworks/aidl/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
index 86d5f3f8d3..4beb828253 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/aidl/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/aidl/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ Model createModel(const TestModel& testModel) {
     copyTestBuffers(constCopies, operandValues.data());
 
     // Shared memory.
-    std::vector<nn::Memory> pools = {};
+    std::vector<nn::SharedMemory> pools = {};
     if (constRefSize > 0) {
         const auto pool = nn::createSharedMemory(constRefSize).value();
         pools.push_back(pool);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/CommonUtils.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/CommonUtils.h
index fef9d9cfb5..b13785dcd9 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/CommonUtils.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/CommonUtils.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ nn::GeneralResult<void> unflushDataFromSharedToPointer(
 std::vector<uint32_t> countNumberOfConsumers(size_t numberOfOperands,
                                              const std::vector<nn::Operation>& operations);
 
-nn::GeneralResult<nn::Memory> createSharedMemoryFromHidlMemory(const hidl_memory& memory);
+nn::GeneralResult<nn::SharedMemory> createSharedMemoryFromHidlMemory(const hidl_memory& memory);
 
 nn::GeneralResult<hidl_handle> hidlHandleFromSharedHandle(const nn::SharedHandle& handle);
 nn::GeneralResult<nn::SharedHandle> sharedHandleFromNativeHandle(const native_handle_t* handle);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/HandleError.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/HandleError.h
index 95a20a8f80..209b66304c 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/HandleError.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/HandleError.h
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#ifndef ANDROID_HARDWARE_INTERFACES_NEURALNETWORKS_UTILS_COMMON_HANDLE_ERROR_H
+#define ANDROID_HARDWARE_INTERFACES_NEURALNETWORKS_UTILS_COMMON_HANDLE_ERROR_H
+
 #include <android/hidl/base/1.0/IBase.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlSupport.h>
 #include <nnapi/Result.h>
@@ -50,7 +53,8 @@ nn::GeneralResult<Type> handleTransportError(const hardware::Return<Type>& ret)
     })
 
 template <typename Type>
-nn::GeneralResult<Type> makeGeneralFailure(nn::Result<Type> result, nn::ErrorStatus status) {
+nn::GeneralResult<Type> makeGeneralFailure(
+        nn::Result<Type> result, nn::ErrorStatus status = nn::ErrorStatus::GENERAL_FAILURE) {
     if (!result.has_value()) {
         return nn::error(status) << std::move(result).error();
     }
@@ -75,7 +79,8 @@ nn::ExecutionResult<Type> makeExecutionFailure(nn::GeneralResult<Type> result) {
 }
 
 template <typename Type>
-nn::ExecutionResult<Type> makeExecutionFailure(nn::Result<Type> result, nn::ErrorStatus status) {
+nn::ExecutionResult<Type> makeExecutionFailure(
+        nn::Result<Type> result, nn::ErrorStatus status = nn::ErrorStatus::GENERAL_FAILURE) {
     return makeExecutionFailure(makeGeneralFailure(result, status));
 }
 
@@ -86,4 +91,6 @@ nn::ExecutionResult<Type> makeExecutionFailure(nn::Result<Type> result, nn::Erro
     } else                                                              \
         return NN_ERROR(canonical)
 
-}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::utils
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::utils
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_INTERFACES_NEURALNETWORKS_UTILS_COMMON_HANDLE_ERROR_H
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBuffer.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBuffer.h
index 8c04b8887b..0e98c2eea2 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBuffer.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBuffer.h
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class InvalidBuffer final : public nn::IBuffer {
   public:
     nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken getToken() const override;
 
-    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyTo(const nn::Memory& dst) const override;
+    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyTo(const nn::SharedMemory& dst) const override;
 
-    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyFrom(const nn::Memory& src,
+    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyFrom(const nn::SharedMemory& src,
                                      const nn::Dimensions& dimensions) const override;
 };
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBurst.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBurst.h
index 83e60b6a25..996858cd55 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBurst.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/InvalidBurst.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::utils {
 
 class InvalidBurst final : public nn::IBurst {
   public:
-    OptionalCacheHold cacheMemory(const nn::Memory& memory) const override;
+    OptionalCacheHold cacheMemory(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) const override;
 
     nn::ExecutionResult<std::pair<std::vector<nn::OutputShape>, nn::Timing>> execute(
             const nn::Request& request, nn::MeasureTiming measure) const override;
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBuffer.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBuffer.h
index d2c2469403..c8ca6f2d36 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBuffer.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBuffer.h
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ class ResilientBuffer final : public nn::IBuffer {
 
     nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken getToken() const override;
 
-    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyTo(const nn::Memory& dst) const override;
+    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyTo(const nn::SharedMemory& dst) const override;
 
-    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyFrom(const nn::Memory& src,
+    nn::GeneralResult<void> copyFrom(const nn::SharedMemory& src,
                                      const nn::Dimensions& dimensions) const override;
 
   private:
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBurst.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBurst.h
index 0df287f2f8..3b87330872 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBurst.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/include/nnapi/hal/ResilientBurst.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ResilientBurst final : public nn::IBurst,
     nn::SharedBurst getBurst() const;
     nn::GeneralResult<nn::SharedBurst> recover(const nn::IBurst* failingBurst) const;
 
-    OptionalCacheHold cacheMemory(const nn::Memory& memory) const override;
+    OptionalCacheHold cacheMemory(const nn::SharedMemory& memory) const override;
 
     nn::ExecutionResult<std::pair<std::vector<nn::OutputShape>, nn::Timing>> execute(
             const nn::Request& request, nn::MeasureTiming measure) const override;
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/CommonUtils.cpp b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/CommonUtils.cpp
index c04c8dfa8b..90215630c9 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/CommonUtils.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/CommonUtils.cpp
@@ -203,13 +203,13 @@ nn::GeneralResult<std::reference_wrapper<const nn::Request>> flushDataFromPointe
 nn::GeneralResult<void> unflushDataFromSharedToPointer(
         const nn::Request& request, const std::optional<nn::Request>& maybeRequestInShared) {
     if (!maybeRequestInShared.has_value() || maybeRequestInShared->pools.empty() ||
-        !std::holds_alternative<nn::Memory>(maybeRequestInShared->pools.back())) {
+        !std::holds_alternative<nn::SharedMemory>(maybeRequestInShared->pools.back())) {
         return {};
     }
     const auto& requestInShared = *maybeRequestInShared;
 
     // Map the memory.
-    const auto& outputMemory = std::get<nn::Memory>(requestInShared.pools.back());
+    const auto& outputMemory = std::get<nn::SharedMemory>(requestInShared.pools.back());
     const auto [pointer, size, context] = NN_TRY(map(outputMemory));
     const uint8_t* constantPointer =
             std::visit([](const auto& o) { return static_cast<const uint8_t*>(o); }, pointer);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBuffer.cpp b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBuffer.cpp
index c6f75d7137..e73001dee5 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBuffer.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBuffer.cpp
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken InvalidBuffer::getToken() const {
     return nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken{};
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<void> InvalidBuffer::copyTo(const nn::Memory& /*dst*/) const {
+nn::GeneralResult<void> InvalidBuffer::copyTo(const nn::SharedMemory& /*dst*/) const {
     return NN_ERROR() << "InvalidBuffer";
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<void> InvalidBuffer::copyFrom(const nn::Memory& /*src*/,
+nn::GeneralResult<void> InvalidBuffer::copyFrom(const nn::SharedMemory& /*src*/,
                                                 const nn::Dimensions& /*dimensions*/) const {
     return NN_ERROR() << "InvalidBuffer";
 }
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBurst.cpp b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBurst.cpp
index 4ca6603eb7..81ca18d259 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBurst.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/InvalidBurst.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 
 namespace android::hardware::neuralnetworks::utils {
 
-InvalidBurst::OptionalCacheHold InvalidBurst::cacheMemory(const nn::Memory& /*memory*/) const {
+InvalidBurst::OptionalCacheHold InvalidBurst::cacheMemory(
+        const nn::SharedMemory& /*memory*/) const {
     return nullptr;
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBuffer.cpp b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBuffer.cpp
index 47abbe268f..1904375fd4 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBuffer.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBuffer.cpp
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ nn::Request::MemoryDomainToken ResilientBuffer::getToken() const {
     return getBuffer()->getToken();
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<void> ResilientBuffer::copyTo(const nn::Memory& dst) const {
+nn::GeneralResult<void> ResilientBuffer::copyTo(const nn::SharedMemory& dst) const {
     const auto fn = [&dst](const nn::IBuffer& buffer) { return buffer.copyTo(dst); };
     return protect(*this, fn);
 }
 
-nn::GeneralResult<void> ResilientBuffer::copyFrom(const nn::Memory& src,
+nn::GeneralResult<void> ResilientBuffer::copyFrom(const nn::SharedMemory& src,
                                                   const nn::Dimensions& dimensions) const {
     const auto fn = [&src, &dimensions](const nn::IBuffer& buffer) {
         return buffer.copyFrom(src, dimensions);
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBurst.cpp b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBurst.cpp
index 0d3cb33a98..5ca868bc9a 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBurst.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/src/ResilientBurst.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ nn::GeneralResult<nn::SharedBurst> ResilientBurst::recover(const nn::IBurst* fai
     return mBurst;
 }
 
-ResilientBurst::OptionalCacheHold ResilientBurst::cacheMemory(const nn::Memory& memory) const {
+ResilientBurst::OptionalCacheHold ResilientBurst::cacheMemory(
+        const nn::SharedMemory& memory) const {
     return getBurst()->cacheMemory(memory);
 }
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/MockBuffer.h b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/MockBuffer.h
index c5405fb837..59d57007ae 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/MockBuffer.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/MockBuffer.h
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ namespace android::nn {
 class MockBuffer final : public IBuffer {
   public:
     MOCK_METHOD(Request::MemoryDomainToken, getToken, (), (const, override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(GeneralResult<void>, copyTo, (const Memory& dst), (const, override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(GeneralResult<void>, copyFrom, (const Memory& src, const Dimensions& dimensions),
-                (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(GeneralResult<void>, copyTo, (const SharedMemory& dst), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(GeneralResult<void>, copyFrom,
+                (const SharedMemory& src, const Dimensions& dimensions), (const, override));
 };
 
 }  // namespace android::nn
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/ResilientBufferTest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/ResilientBufferTest.cpp
index deb9b7cf21..7afd0203bb 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/ResilientBufferTest.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/utils/common/test/ResilientBufferTest.cpp
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
  */
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <nnapi/SharedMemory.h>
 #include <nnapi/TypeUtils.h>
 #include <nnapi/Types.h>
 #include <nnapi/hal/ResilientBuffer.h>
+#include <memory>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
 #include "MockBuffer.h"
@@ -113,7 +115,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyTo) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBuffer, copyTo(_)).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(kNoError));
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyTo({});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyTo(memory);
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value())
@@ -126,7 +129,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyToError) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBuffer, copyTo(_)).Times(1).WillOnce(kReturnGeneralFailure);
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyTo({});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyTo(memory);
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
@@ -140,7 +144,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyToDeadObjectFailedRecovery) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBufferFactory, Call()).Times(1).WillOnce(kReturnGeneralFailure);
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyTo({});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyTo(memory);
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
@@ -156,7 +161,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyToDeadObjectSuccessfulRecovery) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBufferFactory, Call()).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(recoveredMockBuffer));
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyTo({});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyTo(memory);
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value())
@@ -169,7 +175,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyFrom) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBuffer, copyFrom(_, _)).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(kNoError));
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom({}, {});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom(memory, {});
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value())
@@ -182,7 +189,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyFromError) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBuffer, copyFrom(_, _)).Times(1).WillOnce(kReturnGeneralFailure);
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom({}, {});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom(memory, {});
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
@@ -196,7 +204,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyFromDeadObjectFailedRecovery) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBufferFactory, Call()).Times(1).WillOnce(kReturnGeneralFailure);
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom({}, {});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom(memory, {});
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
@@ -212,7 +221,8 @@ TEST(ResilientBufferTest, copyFromDeadObjectSuccessfulRecovery) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mockBufferFactory, Call()).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(recoveredMockBuffer));
 
     // run test
-    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom({}, {});
+    const nn::SharedMemory memory = std::make_shared<const nn::Memory>();
+    const auto result = buffer->copyFrom(memory, {});
 
     // verify result
     ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value())